Chinese Parliament Rolls Out Economic, Political Blueprint: Here's What You Need To Know

China's political elite gathered in Beijing on Thursday as President Xi Jinping unveiled a sweeping roadmap for the country’s economic and political future, delivered against a backdrop of sharpening tech competition with Washington and mounting geopolitical friction.

The National People’s Congress, China’s rubber-stamp legislature, rolled out its Five-Year Plan outlining goals for growth, budgets, industrial policy and defence - signalling Xi’s determination to propel the world’s second-biggest economy toward technological dominance.

Here are the main highlights from the NPC:

GDP, Budget Priorities

China is looking to grow its economy at a 4.5%-5% pace, a touch below the 5% rate achieved last year, opening the door to greater efforts to rebalance the growth drivers.

Beijing's stimulus will also remain steady to rev up an economy stuck in a lower post-pandemic gear, setting a budget deficit of 4.0% of GDP, similar to last year.

High-Tech Drive As Us Rivalry Sharpens

Aiming for tech supremacy in key fields such as AI and quantum computing amid a fierce rivalry with the U.S., Beijing is accelerating efforts to "seize the commanding heights of science and technological development." As the world's largest producer of rare earths, China is also moving to secure an edge in these critical minerals used in everything from electric vehicles to aircraft engines and defence technologies.

Defence Capacity

China will improve combat readiness and accelerate the development of "advanced combat capabilities", Premier Li Qiang said, boosting defence spending by 7% in 2026. Military observers are watching closely as Beijing pushes to modernise its forces by 2035 and project military power amid the backdrop of rising regional tensions, including over Taiwan, and global geopolitical strains.

Financial System

China will inject around $44 billion into state-owned banks this year to guard against systemic risks, and boost financing for technology companies.

Population

Promising a "childbirth-friendly society" in the next five years, Beijing aims to address concerns over employment, education and medical care as an ageing and rapidly shrinking population complicates its larger economic goals.

Food Security

Grain production capacity will be raised to around 725 million metric tons over 2026-2030 to meet the nation's long-term food security objectives, highlighting its heavy reliance on imports of key agricultural products such as soybeans, with the U.S. its second-largest supplier.

Emission Goals

The government plans to accelerate cuts in carbon intensity over the next five years, marking a shift from targeting energy intensity of its economy to directly targeting carbon intensity.