Luminescent clouds releasing pocket-sized shark found in Gulf of Mexico

A pocket-sized shark has been found in the Gulf of Mexico. It turns out that the unknown shark species releases little glowing clouds into the ocean. 

Researchers from the Gulf and in New York have named the species the American pocket shark, or Mollisquama. The species is only the third one to be discovered. As per reports, there are more than 500 known shark species that may squirt luminous liquid, said R. Dean Grubbs, a Florida State University scientist who was not involved in the research. He said the other two are the previously known pocket shark and the taillight shark , which have a similar gland near the tail.

“You have this tiny little bulbous luminescent shark cruising around in the world’s oceans and we know nothing about them,” said Grubbs,

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Grubbs is the immediate past President of the American Elasmobranch Society, where scientists study sharks, skates and rays.

“It shows us how little we actually know.” he added

Like the only other pocket-shark which is known to science is a 16-inch (400-millimeter) adult female found in the Pacific Ocean off Peru. This 5.6-inch (142-millimeter) newborn male fished out of the Gulf has a pouch next to each front fin. But with this one, scientists figured out what they’re in for.

The muscular glands are lined with pigment-covered fluorescent projections, indicating they squirt luminous liquid, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) ichthyologist Mark Grace and his collaborators wrote in the journal “Zootaxa.” The shark also has clusters of light-emitting cells dotted on its belly. That makes it likely the one caught in 1979 and now in a Russian museum there was also a light-squirter with a bioluminescent abdomen, though four decades pickled in formaldehyde probably have made it impossible to tell, Grace said on Friday.

"The luminescence might conceal the shark from prey or from predators," he said.

Differences between the two specimens include a possible pressure-sensitive organ that the new species could use to detect motion hundreds of feet away and in some differences in the teeth, the scientists wrote. The new species may also have as many as 10 fewer vertebrae than the other one, called Mollisquama Parini.

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Grace, who is based in Pascagoula, Mississippi, said the baby shark was among specimens collected during a 2010 survey to find out what Gulf of Mexico sperm whales eat by trawling in an area and at a depth where tagged whales had been feeding. He had spent three years identifying the collected specimens, and this one, still showing an umbilical scar, was in the last bag he opened.

“I’ve been in science about 40 years. I can usually make a pretty good guess about a marine animal’s identity. But I couldn’t with this one.” he said

Grace said it took a while to convince himself that he had something unusual: “I figured I was doing something wrong.”

Grace called Tulane University scientists and said that, “Look, I’ve got some really unusual deep-water stuff I want to archive in your collection, including a shark I can’t identify.”

Scientists at the American Museum of Natural History in New York and the University of Florida’s Florida Museum of Natural History also became collaborators.

A 2015 paper had identified the shark as the second of its kind. It took years more, including high-resolution scans in the particle accelerator in Grenoble, France, to get more internal details, to be sure it was a new species. Another European expert, Julien Claes, did a cellular dissection of a bit of the pocket tissue to confirm its function.

“He said, ‘Yes, these are the kind of cells that produce luminous fluid.’ So it’s pretty safe to say that’s what the one in Russia does,” Grace said.

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(With inputs from AP)